Macbeths Ultimate Sin - 1170 Words

Macbeth is a play about subterfuge and trickery. Macbeth, his wife, and the three Weird Sisters are linked in their mutual refusal to come out and say things directly. Instead, they rely on implications, riddles, and ambiguity to evade the truth. Macbeth’s ability to manipulate his language and his public image to hide his foul crimes makes him a very modern-seeming politician. As Bernard McElroy says in his literary criticism about Macbeth, â€Å" When confronted with the possibility of committing a daring through criminal act, he willfully deceives himself for a short time and embraces an opposite view of the world...in the aftermath he’s committed to a world-view he does not believe.† Macbeth tricks himself into believing it is fine killing†¦show more content†¦Lady Macbeth mimics this language when she directs her husband to look like an â€Å"innocent flower† in oder to hide the â€Å"serpent† that truly lurks in his heart(I.v.76-78). The Macbeths know how to use imagery and appearance to conceal the truth, and sometimes they even use those skills on themselves. Macbeth asks the stars, â€Å"Hide your fires/ Let not light see my black and deep desires/ The eye wink at the hand, yet let that be/ which the eye fears, when it is done, to see,† so that his eye cannot see what his hand does(I.iv.57-60). Similarly, Lady Macbeth asks the night, â€Å"Come, thick night/ And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell/ That my keen knife see not the wound it makes,† so that her knife cannot see itself slash its victim(I.v.57-59). The Macbeths know that their acts are wicked, so they try to hide the knowledge of their deeds from their own consciousness. Again Bernard McElroy states Macbeth’s crime, Destroys his capacity to respect or even tolerate himself...his own hands are unrecognizable to him, savage, hangman s hands that would pluck out his eyes. But, in fact, they do not obliterate his vision; he must continue staring at them, and in time he loses his mind from the guilt. Macbeth changes who he was, from the pressure his wife put on him and after the crime, not only does he feel guilt, but Lady Macbeth and they began distancing. In a sense, they wish to equivocateShow MoreRelatedBlood Imagery in Macbeth857 Words   |  4 Pages(Shakespeare 430-431) This passage illustrates the act of murder has changed Macbeth’s character. No longer does the blood connote an image of ambition, it now symbolizes guilt, remorse, and an entry into the gates of hell from which no one can return. (Jordan) Macbeth then becomes a self-destructing machine. The witches’ predictions and his ambitions destroy a man who was once a moral human being. The tragedy continues Macbeth’s fall to evil. He commits more murder and finally takes the life of his onceRead MoreGuilt and Ambition in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagesthis ruthless drive to power is seemingly prosperous at first, it quickly crumbles to naught as guilt infects their minds with grim consequences to follow. Macbeth transforms from a noble general to a guilt-ridden and despaired murderer, while Lady Macbeth’s usually stoic and masculine persona deteriorates into a pitiful and anxious shell of her former self. The feeling of remorse quickly plagues the two characters and overpowers ambition through manifesting itself through nightmares, ghosts, and paranoiaRead MoreTheme Of Kingship In Macbeth938 Words   |  4 Pagesclear principle in Shakespeare’s work as Macbeth’s crimes be get his spiral into insanity and ultimate downfall. Macbeth’s mental state is a prime certification of his unworthiness as he is clearly aware of the consequences of regicide, acknowledging that the act will not be â€Å"the be-all and the end-all† (Mac. 1.7). Yet, he is not discouraged as he goes on to justify it as â€Å"vaulting ambition† (Mac. 1.7). As a moment of moral choice, McCauliff states that Macbeth’s decision speaks to the type of ruler heRead MoreMacbeth and Manhood Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesinto question as the witches introduce the prophecies tempting Macbeth’s vaulting ambition. After the regicide, Macbeth is damned and is no longer concerned with being honorable. He covets immediate gratification at all costs and by all means. However, this gratification is temporary due to that Macbeth later on, experiences guilt and regret which directs him towards his morbid fate and ultimate demise. The hierarchy portrayed in Macbeth’s society functions as a demonstration of the manliness virtuesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Macbeth and the Other Characters1292 Words   |  6 PagesAfter the one of the witches’ prophecies comes to be true, the thought of killing Duncan, Macbeth yield[s] to that suggestion / whose horrid image doth unfix my hair / and make my seated heart knock at my ribs (1.3.146-148). Partly because of Lady Macbeth’s suggestion his vaulting ambition is starting to take over, and he begins to take into consideration killing Duncan, to become king. Macbeth however, does not feel comfortable in killing Macbeth, giving himself reasons why not to kill Duncan: â€Å"FirstRead MoreMacbeths Transition into Darkness1251 Words   |  6 Pagesis just one person or an entire family. Macbeth obtains many different themes. One of the most important themes is Macbeth’s transition into darkness. His revolution becomes visible from his first murder onwards into his death. Macbeth turns into a dark and ominous being. Macbeth’s transition is deep and dark; he evolves from a faithful follower to a rebellious murderer. Macbeth’s first kill is startling, but this act of murder starts his murderous ways that would eventually rule his life. MacbethRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is the ultimate story of a fight between the forces of good and evil. It tells the tale of a tragic hero whose quest for power leads to his ultimate downfall. Macbeth starts out as an honorable warrior but changes when his ambition becomes uncontrollable. As he becomes increasingly paranoid, Macbeth uses violent means to eliminate threats to his Scottish throne. As the play progresses, blood continuously plays a part in the events as the murders become more frequent. William ShakespeareRead MoreChoices Essay on Macbeth1524 Words   |  7 Pagesillustrate the importance of following the human conscience. Lady Macbeth is a great example of how ignoring one’s conscience can lead to self-destruction. Upon receiving Macbeth’s letter about meeting the witches, Lady Macbeth becomes convinced that Macbeth â€Å"shalt be what thou art promised (becoming king)† She also understands that Macbeth’s heart is too â€Å"full of o’th’ milk of human kindness† and therefore be unable the commit the murder of Duncan necessary for Macbeth to become king. Although ShakespeareRead More The Power Struggle in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth takes in attempt to achieve ultimate authority that lead to his downfall, and it is Lady Macbeths loss of control over her husband as he gains this independence which causes her own weakening and eventually leads to her demise as well. The struggle for power and control in Macbeth is present from the very beginning, as Shakespeare portrays Lady Macbeth as a ruthless, overpowering woman who dominates her husband and his actions. She makes Macbeths decisions for him without giving himRead MoreThe Letter in William Shakespeares Macbeth1609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Letter in William Shakespeares Macbeth Lady Macbeths reaction when she reads her husbands letter is powerful and dramatic.  · As soon as shes finished reading, she has decided she will make sure Macbeth is king Its as if she and her husband are thinking exactly the same thing. She does not hesitate for a moment.  · Lady Macbeth invites the spirits of evil to enter her She knows she has to steel herself, that the murder will need evil power, and

Is Gender Bias For College Aid - 1105 Words

Original Thoughts We started our research expecting to find that there was gender bias in college aid. For example we thought that men would get more sports scholarships than women and women would get more STEM scholarships than men This, we thought, was because the colleges were trying to draw in genders to certain fields. We thought that males would get more scholarships because colleges want more male athletes and that women would get more STEM scholarships because they want to draw more women into the STEM fields. Gender Bias? Contrary to our original ideas, our research showed us there was not a bias in the areas we thought. In fact, our research revealed to us that there was not actually any true gender bias in financial aid and†¦show more content†¦Within the study, the higher proportion of aid fluctuated between genders, but the difference was almost insignificant. This does not show that there are any true biases within athletic aid. STEM Scholarship Programs Another one of the main areas we expected to find gender biases was the STEM Scholarship programs. The STEM program is a very successful program which was designed to provide resources and opportunities to underrepresented groups. In order to research this, we looked into a specific scholarship program geared toward the STEM program at Wright State University. The Wright Science Technology and Engineering Preparatory Program is an academic pre-engineering program at Wright State University. This program provides resources and financial incentives to encourage students to pursue degrees in the STEM field. Wright STEPP Students By Gender This graph shows the distribution of students involved in the program based on gender. As you can see, the undergraduates that are part of the program are dominantly females, while the graduate students are much more balanced, but there are slightly more males. STEM Scholarship Programs We recently interviewed Barb Gunnison who works as the Special Programs Coordinator in the Learning Resource Center here at Behrend. She was a big part of the STEM Scholarship Program that we used to have here. The program started because they wanted to â€Å"give a home to minorities in STEM fields†. It consisted of a oneShow MoreRelatedCorrelation Between Niu Student s Application Rate886 Words   |  4 Pagesto do so, therefore eliminating most of the bias lying could have on my results. I also included in my questionnaire gender, age, and parental contribution to their educational costs. When I decided on this topic I came to the hypothesis that most students I interviews would not have applied for scholarships, which would then leave them with some form of student debt. According to Debt.org â€Å"two-thirds of the nation’s full-time students pay for college with scholarships or grants† which means my surveyRead MoreData Suicide Case Study1671 Words   |  7 Pagesin older patients, for the middle age clients it would be a slope bias. This is just one reason why sub groups should not be presented before test administration. If the test overpredicts then it is unreliability because the inaccuracy serves as a threat to the reliability and validity of the researc h. 2. Assuming we did use the same regression line for all three groups, which group would be most likely to raise claims of test bias? Unfairness? Assuming that the same regression line was used for allRead MoreGender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions 1767 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Bias in the Workplace: Its Origin, Cases and Solutions Gender bias has long been an issue in the workplace. For decades women have suffered not only a pay gap but also an authority gap. In my paper I will outline how gender bias has taken shape within the workplace and its components. It is key that we not only study the components of the gender gap but also examine how they took root. One would think that gender bias would have subsided considerably but this is not the case. Over the decadesRead MoreThe Development And Maintenance Of Civilization Essay1763 Words   |  8 Pagesall other characteristics: the creation and usage of social constructs. A social construct is defined as a social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created and developed by society, which aids in either the development or regression of society as a whole. While more commonly known constructs such as race and gender shape the mindsets of societies and civilizations as a whole over periods of time, the consequences of the existence of the construct itself can have both a positive or negative affect.Read More Interview With Men In Non-Traditional Roles Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pages Men In Non-Traditional Roles nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This paper takes a look into the lives of three males breaking out of their gender stereotyped roles in society. These males avoid the boundaries traditional thinking has tried to impose on them and embark on their own as what they like to call quot;pioneers in the mens equality movement.quot; Introduction: The Mennbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First off, this paper will introduce the three quot;pioneersquot;;Read More Equality for Women Essay1650 Words   |  7 Pages How would you like to earn about an extra million dollars? Is this hard to do? Then answer is no, all you have to do is be born male and graduate college. Throughout history women have strived for equality. The informal slogan of the Decade of Women became â€Å"Women do two-thirds of the worlds work, receive 10 percent of the worlds income and own 1 percent of the means of production† (Robbins, 354). Throughout the world the disparity of rights for women is immense. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreCurrent Issues Facing The American Education System Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesThere was once a time when white males were only allowed to attend colleges and universities. After the civil war, women and those of different ethnicities were thrown into the college scene. However, even today there continues to be the ongoing debate on how it is best to enroll, educate, and graduate these students that were once denied higher education. Because of this debate, American universities still need to provide accommodations to these groups of students. Those previously denied theRead MoreTitle Ix Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesthe progress we have made (Hasday 97). Despite the bias opinions on Title IX, it has made a positive addendum to womens lives. Since the addition of Title IX in the past 30 years, it has shown that more women statistically play collegiate and high school sports. The excerpt Title IX is a Winner; Keep Giving it the Ball, sho ws that Title IX has increased the number of girls in high school sports by ninefold in 30 years and quintupled in college (Title IX 1). According to U.S. General AccountingRead MoreWhat Makes A Leader? Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagestheir achievements and provide a more nurturing role in the workplace, even when it is inappropriate. If a woman becomes a mother, it triggers powerful negative competence and commitment assumptions according to a study referenced within Barriers and Bias. Accordingly, after giving birth women see a 4% decrease in earnings per child. Meanwhile men actually thrive in fatherhood, with an average 6% earnings increase. The confidence gap, which has been a discussion for years, contributes to this divideRead MoreGender Equality in the Classroom1082 Words   |  5 Pages Analyzing the Classroom From the time we are about 5 years old and for some of us into our late 20’s and 30’s we are in a coeducational environment called the classroom. Ever wonder which gender has the leg up? The bias towards? The one most likely to succeed? My prediction is that boys from kindergarten through the collegiate level more often than not will have an advantage capturing the teacher’s attention and dominating classroom activities over women. From the way students are bred into the

Effects of Influenza vaccine-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write a Literaute Review on the Influenza Vaccine. Answer: Introduction The paper deals with the literature review of the Influenza vaccine. In response to viral infection, the vaccination developed against it is discussed. A through literature review is performed to discuss the discovery of vaccine and its format. The paper also highlights the side effects of the vaccination. The impact of the vaccination on various disease rates has been discussed. Further research in this area and improvement in the vaccine formulation has been comprehensively discussed. Influenza- disease details Influenza is an infectious disease also known as flu that effects the respiratory system. Influenza viruses are the RNA virus, of Orthomyxoviridae family, which affects the birds and mammals. This infection is characterised by the symptoms including severe headache, muscle pain, coughing, sore throat, chills, fever and fatigue. It is typically transmitted by direct contact with contaminated surfaces, bird droppings, and nasal secretions and is transmitted by air via virus containing aerosols, sneezes, and coughing. The mode of transmission is not absolutely clear. However, airborne aerosols are mostly responsible for infections in majority of cases. There are three types of Influenza viruses that are known to infect humans. It includes influenza A, B and C. The most common circulating types of influenza viruses are A and B. People with weakened immunity, elderly and young children are prone to this infection. They are thus classified as high risk population. Death due to influenza oc curs in seasonal epidemics and result in 3-5 million cases according to WHO. Each year 250000500000 deaths due to influenza are reported globally (Soema et al., 2015). There are number of tests available to diagnose influenza. It includes serology, vial culture, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, rapid antigen testing, rapid molecular assays and immunofluoresence assays. The results of these diagnostic tests should be evaluated in reference to other epidemiological and clinical data accessible by the heath care providers. Even in case of negative results, the infection may still persist. The accurate testing seems to be reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, for detecting the viral RNA (Vemula et al., 2016). Influenza vaccine Vaccines are the effective way to prevent the seasonal and pandemic flu effects. Public acceptance to the vaccination has been found to be moderate inspite of its efficacy in reducing the mortality and morbidity. Vaccination is important to eliminate the serious consequences of the viral infection including pneumonia, bronchitis, secondary bacterial infections, cardiovascular infections and acute respiratory distress. These complications may lead to death if left untreated and scientific studies have revealed that it remains a global threat to this day (Darvishian et al. 2014). The effectiveness of the viral vaccine depends on the age and health of the patients and varies from season to season. Its efficacy also depends on the match of the antigens on the vaccine strains with that of the circulating strains. However, the exact method to determine the efficacy of vaccine effectiveness is debateable (Simonsen et al. 2007). Public perceives that the illness caused by the Influenza virus is similar to the illness caused by the respiratory pathogens. Since it appears to be similar disease, the public perceive that vaccination would be ineffective consequently reducing its uptake by the patients. It is necessary to know the relative contributions of the influenza and other respiratory infections to influenza like illness. This data must be collected in the context of older community-dwelling adults (Van Beek et al., 2017). The burden of infection and preventing it becomes more challenging with the secondary bacterial infections. The immune response to the vaccination decrease with the age due to immunosenescence (Haq McElhaney, 2014). A lower antibody response in older people (65 years or more) is observed when compared to younger adults. In order to reduce the burden of disease, there is need of developing influenza vaccine that will offer enhanced immunogenicity in older patients. One of the effective means to increase the immunogenicity is to target efficient intradermal vaccination route (Holland et al. 2008). This will ensure best outcomes in the vulnerable population. The format of the vaccine According to Soema et al., (2015) the current influenza vaccine are trivalent formulations, which contain inactivated influenza antigens. These vaccines are derived from two influenza A strains and one influenza B strain. Recently, quadrivalent influenza vaccines have joined this formulations containing an additional strain of influenza B. The first strain is A (H1N1): an A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09 - like virus. It is the new strain different from that developed in 2016. The other A strain (H3N2) is A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2) - like virus. The first B strain is like B/Brisbane/60/2008 virus and the second B strain is like B/Phuket/3073/2013 virus that is added to make the formulation quadrivalent. The four vaccines are as follows- FluarixTetra (GSK)- administered to 3 years old and above FluQuadri(Sanofi Pasteur)- administered to 3 years old and above FluQuadri Junior(Sanofi Pasteur) for children from 6 months-3years of age Afluria Quad(Seqirus)- administered to 18 years and above These triavent and quaadrivalent vaccine injections contains the inactivated form of the virus. The nasal spray formulations contain live attenuated influenza vaccine. It is the attenuated or weak form of virus. The format of the vaccine is to contain error-prone polymerase. It helps to accumulate genetic mutations. These are selected for hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase. The later is the major glycoproteins on the viral surface. This format of vaccine mediates protection in body thorough HA-specific antibodies. T cell responses and antibodies against NA reduces disease severity (Soema et al., 2015). Accordig to Darvishian et al. (2014) the risk of pneumonia, and subsequent death due to hospitalisation were found reduced by many studies. For meta-analysis the author reviewed cohort observational studiesthat conducted mortality assessment. Further, the author also considered 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialand cost-effectiveness studies of the vaccine ranged from 32% to 45% reducing pneumonia and hospitalisation. The efficacy to reduce deaths due to influenza and pneumonia in hospitals ranged from 31% to 65%. The vaccine was found 43% to 50% effective against respiratory condition that caused hospital deaths. In addition this vaccine was also effective in preventing deaths from all causes. The results from the randomise trials showed 50% efficacy of the vaccine in decreasing the in influenza-related illness. The results from the cost effective studies highlighted the influenza vaccine is effective in preventing the mortality and morbidity associated with the di sease. Thus, this vaccine is concluded to be cost savior for each person vaccinated per year. Side effects of vaccine The author of the paper clinical safety data management: definitions and standards for expedited reporting e2a reported adverse effects of the influenza vaccine. The data was recorded according to the ICH experts (International Conference on Harmonisation). The experts reported that influenza vaccine caused adverse events (ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline, 2017). The vaccine has side effects that are regarded as solicited systemic reactions. It includes headache, fever, chills, malaise and, myalgia. The injection site reactions solicited are erythema, induration, pain, ecchymosis, swelling, and pruritus. These adverse reactions were recorded for seven days after vaccination. In some cases reactions were recorded after 28 days of vaccination a even serious adverse events were observed by experts after six months of vaccination (DiazGranados et al., 2015). The injection site reactions were further graded as per the size of the are affected. The swelling, erythema, ecchymosis, and induration,were recognized as grade 1 if 5 com. Fever of grade 1 was identified with body temperature of 37.5 ?C to 38 ?C, grade 2 with further rise in tempertaire and 3 with temperature greater than 39?C. If the systemic reaction both solicited and unsolicited were noticeable then it was considered as grade 1, provided they did not interfere with daily activities. Those in grade 2 interfered with activities of daily living and grade 3 adverse events prevented the daily living activities (Pepin et al., 2016). Effect of the vaccine on the disease The effect of the influenza vaccine on the disease was assessed by various randomised control trials. With the vaccine administration the spread of infection was found to decrease. They study by Falsey et al. (2009) conducted a randomised controlled trials to determine the safety of the intradermal (ID) trivalent influenza vaccine of high dose and compare with the standard dose in older adults above 65 years of age. ID vaccines in older adults where more immunogenic, then the SD vaccine. The HA titres were increased for both the A strains by the influenza vaccine and was found slightly less for the B strain. In case of high dose older adult recipients, post-vaccination seroconversion rates, geometric mean titers, and most seroprotection rates were significantly higher when compared to standard dose recipients. Overall, both the ID and the high dose vaccines were more immunogenic and tolerable in older adults. The results with the young adults and older adults gave comparable results (Tsang et al. 2014). Improvement in the vaccine The currently available vaccines have several limitations. In addition, the compressed production times and the complex manufacturing process trigger the need of new type of vaccines. New types of vaccines are required to be formulated, which are more reliable, effective, rapid and involves use advance production technology. In addition, to these properties, the vaccines must be effective and safe to elicit antibodies. It will ensure licensing of the new vaccines. The new vaccines are designed with the aim of increasing the surge capacity in the pandemic situation. Thus, multiple approaches are under way to address these new demands. The efficacy of the new vaccines must be correlated with the immune responses that are les traditional including cellular responses, and antibodies against NA or M2 (Lambert Fauci, 2010). Recombinant proteins These proteins are in last stage of development. These are Cold adapted influenza vaccine This vaccine has protected millions of children in Russia. The licence for making such vaccine in US has not been approved yet. These vaccines allows live virus to be administered through nasal spray (containing isotonic solution of weakened virus particle). It is more effective than the intradermal and intramuscular option. These vaccines were produced with better cross-protective immunity. These vaccines trigger long lasting immunity. They induce local neutralizing immunity and cell mediated immune responses. These vaccines have massively reduced the secondary bacterial infections particularly for children upto 9 years of age (Tlaxca et al., 2015). Genetically engineered live influenza virus vaccines This new vaccine approach uses technique of engineering to introduce sire directed changes in the viral genome (negative-strand RNA) and other unique properties that are then contained by vector (Si et al., 2016). Live influenza virus vaccine candidates expressing altered NS1 genes The influenza virus can be protected from the plasmid (vector) transfected cells. For better stability, the insertions and deletions can be introduced in the genome to alter the NS1 gene to give protection against H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza virus (Choi et al., 2015). Use of replication-defective influenza viruses as vaccine candidates With the help of the biotechnology tools, it is easy to construct viral particles that undergo single cycle of replications and can be inserted into appropriate vector. These candidates of vaccine hold high potential of inducing long lasting antibody immune response. Cell mediate immune response is stimulated without allowing the infectitious virus to replicate (Lee et al., 2014). Universal vaccines Universal vaccines are enthusiastically developed with increasing optimism due to results from the animal models. The purpose of formulating the universal vaccine is the goal of stimulating the humoral and cellular responses in body similar to the natural infection. The universal vaccines are intended to develop with the ability of long lasting and cross-strain protection. The main target when developing universal vaccine is the conserved epitopes from the influenza NP, HA proteins and matrix 1 (M1), and highly conserved external domain of the influenza matrix 2 (M2) protein. The results from clinical testing showed that the vaccine when administered alone or along with the carrier protein or adjuvant had effective outcomes. In animal models two-step vaccination strategies have been used. The first dose comprise of DNA-based HA vaccine priming and later second dose with an attenuated, inactivated, or adenovirus-vectorbased vaccine. The results showed release of cross-neutralizing ant ibodies. Although it may not be possible to generate the true universal vaccine, efforts are made to consider some of its properties (Lambert Fauci, 2010). DNA-based vaccines DNA vaccines were administered in animal models are. These vaccines are plasmid DNA coated with influenza viral proteins. These vaccines showed promising results in animal models and requires universal approach to make it effective for human use (Stachyra et al., 2014). Viral vectors Viruses that cannot replicate or cause disease are used to deliver the viral protein of influenza. The later are cloned into viruses like vaccinia, adenoviruses, and baculoviruses acting as vector to contain vaccine. Results from trials show promising results in eliciting cellular and antibody response (). Virus like particles Influenza vaccines can be developed from virus like particles that are non-infectious. Cultured cell can be infected with the Recombinant viral vectors. These vectors may express HA, M1 protein of influenza, and NA. These proteins can self assemble at plasma membrane. They can bud from the infect cells as new virus that can enhance immune system (Soema et al., 2015). New adjuvant approaches Current vaccines are administered by intramuscular injections. Liposome like preparations are been recently developed to improve the immunogenicity. The liposome vesicle contains contain cholesterol and viral particles. When delivered subcutaneously or intranasally in mice, showed effective results. However, there is a need of more accurate results to prove its efficacy (Lee et al., 2014). Conclusion In the field of vaccine development a significant improvement have been witnessed. New vaccine technologies hold promising results and are anticipated to give enhanced protection. These vaccines are on the process of development and can be used for human purpose after approval. Efforts are made to reduce the mismatches between the vaccine strains and circulating viruses. In order to make decision there is need of more clinical studies determining the efficacy of the vaccine against placebo and standard vaccines. References Choi, E. H., Song, M. S., Park, S. J., Pascua, P. N. Q., Baek, Y. H., Kwon, H. I., ... Kim, C. J. (2015). Development of a dual-protective live attenuated vaccine against H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses by modifying the NS1 gene.Archives of virology,160(7), 1729-1740. Darvishian, M., Bijlsma, M. J., Hak, E., van den Heuvel, E. R. (2014). Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in community-dwelling elderly people: a meta-analysis of test-negative design case-control studies.The Lancet Infectious Diseases,14(12), 1228-1239. DiazGranados, C. A., Saway, W., Gouaux, J., Baron, M., Baker, J., Denis, M., ... Yau, E. (2015). Safety and immunogenicity of high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in adults 5064 years of age.Vaccine,33(51), 7188-7193. Falsey, A. R., Treanor, J. J., Tornieporth, N., Capellan, J., Gorse, G. J. (2009). Randomized, double-blind controlled phase 3 trial comparing the immunogenicity of high-dose and standard-dose influenza vaccine in adults 65 years of age and older.The Journal of infectious diseases,200(2), 172-180. Haq, K., McElhaney, J. E. (2014). Immunosenescence: influenza vaccination and the elderly.Current opinion in immunology,29, 38-42. Holland, D., Booy, R., De Looze, F., Eizenberg, P., McDonald, J., Karrasch, J., ... Weber, F. (2008). Intradermal influenza vaccine administered using a new microinjection system produces superior immunogenicity in elderly adults: a randomized controlled trial.The Journal of infectious diseases,198(5), 650-658. ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. (2017).Clinical safety data management: definitions and standards for expedited reporting E2A.www.ich.org. Retrieved 28 August 2017, from https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E2A/Step4/E2A_Guideline.pdf Lambert, L. C., Fauci, A. S. (2010). Influenza vaccines for the future.New England Journal of Medicine,363(21), 2036-2044. Lee, Y. T., Kim, K. H., Ko, E. J., Lee, Y. N., Kim, M. C., Kwon, Y. M., ... Kang, S. M. (2014). New vaccines against influenza virus.Clinical and experimental vaccine research,3(1), 12-28. Pepin, S., Szymanski, H., Rochn Kobashi, I. A., Villagomez Martinez, S., Gonzlez Zamora, J. F., Brzostek, J., ... Forstn, A. (2016). Safety and immunogenicity of an intramuscular quadrivalent influenza vaccine in children 3 to 8 y of age: A phase III randomized controlled study.Human vaccines immunotherapeutics,12(12), 3072-3078. Si, L., Xu, H., Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., Tian, Z., Wang, Y., ... Fu, G. (2016). Generation of influenza A viruses as live but replication-incompetent virus vaccines.Science,354(6316), 1170-1173. Simonsen, L., Taylor, R. J., Viboud, C., Miller, M. A., Jackson, L. A. (2007). Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people: an ongoing controversy.The Lancet infectious diseases,7(10), 658-666. Soema, P. C., Kompier, R., Amorij, J. P., Kersten, G. F. (2015). Current and next generation influenza vaccines: Formulation and production strategies.European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics,94, 251-263. Stachyra, A., Gra-Sochacka, A., Sirko, A. (2014). DNA vaccines against influenza.Acta Biochimica Polonica,61(3), 515-22. Tlaxca, J. L., Ellis, S., Remmele, R. L. (2015). Live attenuated and inactivated viral vaccine formulation and nasal delivery: Potential and challenges.Advanced drug delivery reviews,93, 56-78. Tsang, P., Gorse, G. J., Strout, C. B., Sperling, M., Greenberg, D. P., Ozol-Godfrey, A., ... Landolfi, V. (2014). Immunogenicity and safety of Fluzone intradermal and high-dose influenza vaccines in older adults 65 years of age: A randomized, controlled, phase II trial.Vaccine,32(21), 2507-2517. Van Beek, J., Veenhoven, R. H., Bruin, J. P., van Boxtel, R. A., de Lange, M., Meijer, A., ... Luytjes, W. (2017). Influenza-like Illness Incidence Is Not Reduced by Influenza Vaccination in a Cohort of Older Adults, Despite Effectively Reducing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Virus Infections.The Journal of Infectious Diseases. Vemula, S. V., Zhao, J., Liu, J., Wang, X., Biswas, S., Hewlett, I. (2016). Current approaches for diagnosis of influenza virus infections in humans.Viruses,8(4), 96.

Maglev Trains free essay sample

MAGLEV TRAINS TRAINS THAT FLY ON AIR 5/16/2011 IEC-CET UTTAM JALAN SEMINAR REPORT on â€Å"MAGLEV TRAINS:TRAINS THAT FLY ON AIR † Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology In Electrical Engineering Submitted By UTTAM JALAN 0809020094 Under the Guidance of MR. ASHOK KUMAR DEPTT. OF EE Session: 2010-11 Deptt. of Electrical Engineering IEC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY [Approved by AICTE, Govt. of India Affiliated to U. P. Technical University, Lucknow] CERTIFICATE Certified that UTTAM JALAN have carried out the seminar work presented in this report entitled â€Å"MAGLEV TRAINS† for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering during the academic session 2010-11 from Gautam Buddha Technical University, Lucknow. The seminar embodies result of the work and studies carried out by Student himself and the contents of the report do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else. We will write a custom essay sample on Maglev Trains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MR. ASHOK KUMAR MR. RAJIV RANJAN Seminar co-ordinater Seminar guide EE Deptt EE Deptt. . Prof. SUNIL KUMAR H. O. D. EE Deptt. Acknowledgement I extend my sincere gratitude towards Prof. SUNIL KUMAR Head of Department for giving us his invaluable knowledge and wonderful technical guidance. I express my thanks to Mr. ASHOK KUMAR our group tutor and also to our staff advisor Mr. RAJIV RANJAN for their kind co-operation and guidance for preparing and presenting this seminar. I also thank all the other faculty members of EE department and my friends for their help and support. Date: Table of Content CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT a LIST OF TABLES N. A. LIST OF FIGURES c LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS N. A. 1. Introduction to Maglev Trains 2. Reasons for use 3. Types of Maglev Trains 4. Swiss Metro-Tunnel Link 5. LLNL Inductrack 6. Construction and Operation 7. Characteristics 8. Concept of cost reduction useful for NASA 9. Constructional Details 10. Design of Levitation Tracks 11. Summary a Abstract Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation), is a system of transportation that suspends, guides and propels vehicles, predominantly trains, using magnetic levitation from a very large number of magnets for lift and propulsion. This method has the potential to be faster, quieter and smoother than wheeled mass transit systems. The power needed for levitation is usually not a particularly large percentage of the overall consumption; most of the power used is needed to overcome air drag, as with any other high speed train. The highest recorded speed of a Maglev train is 581 kilometres per hour (361 mph), achieved in Japan in 2003 , 6 kilometres per hour (3. 7 mph) faster than the conventional TGV wheel-rail speed record. The first commercial maglev people mover was simply called MAGLEV and officially opened in 1984 near Birmingham, England. It operated on an elevated 600-metre (2,000 ft) section of monorail track between Birmingham International Airport and Birmingham International railway station, running at speeds up to 42 km/h (26 mph); the system was eventually closed in 1995 due to reliability problems. Perhaps the most well known implementation of high-speed maglev technology currently operating commercially is the Shanghai Maglev Train, an IOS (initial operating segment) demonstration line of the German-built Transrapid train in Shanghai, China that transports people 30 km (19 mi) to the airport in just 7 minutes 20 seconds, achieving a top speed of 431 km/h (268 mph), averaging 250 km/h (160 mph). Maglev Trains free essay sample The development and use of magnetic levitation (maglev) propulsion systems in North America and around the world as an alternative mode of transportation. With air travel and the highways becoming increasingly congested, the need for an efficient, fast and comfortable mode of alternative travel has been felt in many countries of the world. One of the possible solutions is the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System or high-speed trains called the Maglev train (short for magnetic levitation). The recent question mark over the safety of air travel and the fear of flying created among the general public by the events of 9/11 has renewed interest in the Maglev technology. This paper discusses how the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System works and briefly overviews its history of development. The different types of designs developed so far, the cost of developing such systems, and the potential for its expansion and use in transportation systems in the United States and all over the world is also discussed. We will write a custom essay sample on Maglev Trains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The author uses photographs and plan drawings to illustrate points. We all know that the opposite poles of a magnet attract while the like poles repel each other. This is the basic principle on which the Magnetic Levitation Propulsion System works. In magnetic propulsion systems, powerful electromagnets are used. The three basic components of a maglev train system are: A large electrical power source, metal coils that line the track or guide-way, and large magnets attached to the underside of the train. There is no conventional engine in maglev trains. Instead, the force for propulsion is achieved by a combination of the magnetic fields created by the electrified coils in the tracks (called the guideways) and the guideway walls.

English Literature Coursework

English Literature Coursework English Literature Coursework English literature is full of wonders and interesting facts. If you choose to work on this topic, you will have to work hard, but it will not leave you indifferent. The fact that it is an important step is based on the figures - English literature coursework makes 30% of the grade which a student receives for the course on English literature. Writing English literature coursework means to work hard on the class assignments, certain materials, topics, describing the main genres, styles and other aspects. To write an excellent English literature coursework you should: think critically to provide a good analysis; make a composition logical and in accordance to format requirements; find such an approach to the study which requires critical thinking skills. You may use following tips for English literature coursework: You will work on the paper faster and more efficiently if you choose a topic which is interesting for you. When you must find information for your English literature coursework, it means I will do it tomorrow and Why do I have a low grade?. But when you want to find more facts and information, it is only Yes, I have done it!. Next point which you will never forget is deadline. You must write and hand in your English literature coursework by the specified time, otherwise, your grade will be shared on as many pieces as many faults you have done during writing. Your schedule of writing on the paper should be based on your own preferences and energy. To do everything to write a coursework does not mean to do anything 3 months and then to write a whole paper overnight. No, you can work at night or in the morning, you can write in the bus or in the caf, you can ask for an advice from a passerby or think out a special offer do everything that makes sense and you will do a step on the right way. Do not ignore your class notes; maybe the instructor has given certain rules or hints which will be useful for you in the process of writing. And be attentive while editing it is also an important stage in the writing process, for a student does not give attention to the parts he or she counts perfect. Do not overestimate yourself. Do not be afraid of speaking with your advisor it can be a good choice, especially if you do not know how to start your work or choose the topic. Advantages and disadvantages of the writing English literature coursework can be thought out by you, but you can make your paper excellent. Do it! If you cannot trust yourself in dealing with time, literature material or original thought, you can always ask us for professional help with English coursework writing: Relatedposts: Sample Papers Report Writing Help Process Analysis Case Study Merchant of Venice Critical Essay Little Prince Reaction Paper

Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essays

Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essays Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essay Outline the main changes in Western Latin Christendom between AD 910 and 1085 Essay The 10th and 11th Centuries contained some of the most important changes in Western Latin Christendom in its existence. These changes have left the Church and Europe more recognisable as the establishments we know today. The most obvious of these were the reform movements in the later part of the 10th and 11th Centuries, which climaxed under Leo IX and Gregory V11. There were also several equally important but subtly different changes which contributed to the greater part of this reform. An example of this is the evangelical revival that leads to a growth in religious life, and a cleansing of the Church which climaxed in the Orthodox Schism, and the investiture contest between the Pope and the Emperor of Germany.The reform movements of the 10h and 11th Centuries sought out a moral reform whereby lay rulers would appoint good men as priests and Bishops, who would in turn hasten the reform. The movements also aimed to stop corruption in the Church, especially th e sin of simony, which was the purchasing or selling of sacred things, e.g. Holy orders. At around 1000 AD the Church was predominantly governed by lay people, who built the Churches or monasteries on their land, and consequently felt that they had the right to appoint the next priest or abbot, this became known as lay investiture, and in this sense the Church became privatised. This posed a series of problems for the Church, the most serious of which were revenues, as the revenues that it should have been receiving were going back to the families who owned the land, rather than back to the Church.Subsequently religious communities were loosing out as this lose of revenues meant that there was a decline in the qualities of their lives, and so undermined the idea of religious life, and as a further consequences there were increasing cases of simony and married priests. The result of these problems was that by the 10th century many priests, monks, and nuns were not happy, and this led to a series of reform movements, through several different communities and people.The first stage of this reform was found at the monastery of Cluny in France. Founded in 910AD Cluny was a reformed Benedictine monastery. The monks tried to revive the liturgical life of the order, concentrating on the divine office and the arts e.g. plainsong. Cluny became the centre of a series of smaller monasteries, and started the first real monastic order. As a result of this, the Abbot of Cluny was exceptionally powerful and was able to influence the rest of the Christendom in a very monastic way, the Abbots of Cluny especially took a strong stance against married priests and simony.Around the year 1000 there was a strong evangelical revival, this was based on the general belief that in the year 1000 Christ would come again. The result of this was a surge in the revival of the Church, and a strong determination to return to the purity of the early Church, this led to a rapid growth in monaster ies and several new orders of monks emerged most notably the Carthusians. There were two main fronts for this revival.The first was through the work of individuals such as Peter Damain, and Romauld of Ravenna. These were two very influential figures in the 10th and 11th Centuries. Damain was described as: A reformer of clerical laxity and a champion of eremitical and ascetic discipline.1 He had exceptional knowledge of canon law and was used by the Pope as a legate on several occasions. He wrote a book on his predecessor Romauld of Ravenna who was a hermit monk and another highly influential figure: You would think that he (Romauld) was trying to turn the whole world and to involve the entire Church in his project of monastic reform2 Romauld went on to found the Camaldolese order of hermit monks.Another approach to the reform was through Canon law, this was the study of collections of early laws that described how the Catholic Church should be governed. The largest of these collecti ons was owned by Burchard of Worms, and was called the decretum. The idea of Canon law attracted great interest as they suggested that in the past the Church had governed itself, and so provided support to the reformers over the issue of Lay investiture It was later used by the Pope and the reformers as a way of giving theological support to their arguments over Sacred Kings.At the beginning of the reform movements both the Pope and the emperor worked together, in 1012 Henry II appointed Pope Benedict VIII; and they worked well together to reform the Church. This worked because they could reinforce the reform, as Henry was able to back up the Popes decrees in his own kingdom. In 1046 however, there was a new problem, and at the Synod of Sutri the new Emperor Henry III had to resolve another Papal dispute, this time he appointed his own Pope Clement II, Clement however dies quickly and Henry appoints Leo IX. Leo had a strong personality and lots of energy; he is convinced that God se nt him to route out simony. He held 11 reforming councils in 5 Years, the first, which was held in 1949 in Rome aimed to Route out simony. Another held in Reims asked 20 Bishops and 40 Abbots to declare whether they were guilty of simony. All the bishops who didnt turn up were deposed. Several other reforming councils were held e.g. At Poitiers they agree that Priests and deacons should not live with women, and at Ingelheim they agreed that laymen could not expel or appoint clergy.Leo IX however had a serious problem in South Italy; the Normans had invaded and were encroaching into Papal land. Leo IX planned to stand up to them but at the battle of Civilate in 1053 he suffers a humiliating defeat and was captured, he is finally released; however he is a broken man. In 1054 he holds another reforming council in South Italy; this however causes an argument with the Byzantines who also owned a large area of Southern Italy. At this time there are strong tensions between Latins and the G reeks, they disagreed over the role of the Papacy and the Holy Spirit. In 1054 this argument got out of hand, and eventually Cardinal Humbert was sent to Byzantium to excommunicate the Patriarch of Constantinople, who in turn excommunicated the Pope this was the beginning of the East-West Schism. Leo dies shortly afterwards, and soon after Henry III also dies leaving behind a 6 month old son to rule.The reformers see this as an opportunity to get rid of lay investiture; this was particularly attacked by Cardinal Humbert who called for an end to lay domination as it caused moral and financial abuses among clergy. The next three Popes tried to push forward the idea that Christendom should be ruled by the Papacy. In 1959 Pope Nicholas II issued a precedent saying the new pope was to be elected through a College of Cardinals, this eliminated the power of the German King. When Henry IV claimed the crown in 1071 he found himself in a much weaker position than his father had left him. In 1 072 there was a disputed election, Pope Alexander II backed one side Henry IV backed the other, each side saw the balance of power and neither side was prepared to back down, however before the dispute could be settled Alexander died, and Gregory VII was elected Pope.Gregory was a devoted man who was devoted to St Peters rights, and held the view that Peters Church would be the mother of all churches. He was however a very controversial figure, 26 German bishops and the German emperor agreed that Gregory was not Pope but a false monk3 and called on him to resign. Gregory however intensified his campaign on for moral reform challenging the idea of Sacred Kingship saying that the clergy should be elected. He called on the lay people not to accept ministry from those known to be guilty of Simony or sexual acts. In 1075 he forbade the clergy to accept investiture into office from a layman, he put his ideas into pamphlets which he sent round Christendom, however his opponents simply dest royed them. In 1076 Gregory excommunicated Henry IV for trying to dispose of a Synod of imperial bishops, the result of this was that Henry IV could not function and a rebellion broke out. In January 1077 Henry went to see the Pope in Italy dressed only in his nightshirt to beg reconciliation. Gregory granted it, however he reserved the right to judge Henry at a later date. After this Henry soon regained power, and in 1080 a new conflict broke out, this time when Henry was excommunicated he simply seized Rome and the pope was forced to flee south with the Normans where he died in 1085.Even though Henry elected a Pope: Clement III the papacy had broken away from lay control. The Reformers elected their own popes who were accepted by the rest of the Church. Henry struggled to regain control but failed, eventually it came to a compromise, the King agreed not to invest in the Papacy; however the king was allowed to be present in the elections of Bishops and Abbots. In Europe the Lay rul ers power over the Church was limited but not abolished.The result of this reform was clear, within society there was a shift towards the Church, and the attack on the sacred kingship was successful. The prestige of the Papacy increased dramatically, however the papal victory appeared more complete within the Church. The pope made a series of declarations known as the dictatus papae which outlined the main development of the Church over the next two centuries. The Reformers made a new vision of the Church in which the Clergy were separated from the hierarchal chain that stretched from God to humanity. The reform however was not just for Kings and Popes, many ordinary citizens were forced to make religious choices, which were made more difficult in that for as long as people could remember anointed Kings had ruled the church, but were held in the balance, because the Pope had a more powerful theological argument based on Canon Law.In the end the reforms added a new level of tension a nd a new dimension of a new level of life which we can still see in Christendom today. The position of the Pope became much more similar to the view we have of him today, and the Church got rid of the idea of Sacred Kingship which would be brought up in Britain at a later date under Henry VIII. The Reformers had successfully brought the Church out of a difficult moral situation and created a modern yet classical opinion of the Church, and started many traditions which are still around today.

Implementing Software Development Project Management Best Practices Assignment

Implementing Software Development Project Management Best Practices - Assignment Example This may prompt activities such as performing an inventory. This will ensure that every software development tool conforms to the set standards. The process modeling is mainly used to enhance the flow of software development work. The process model has clear guidelines and procedural steps that a developer is required to follow so that they can produce a quality software product that not only meets the user requirements but also reaches the quality assurance standards. The process of inventory in the process modeling may used to help reduce the cost of development while at the same time enhancing the quality. In this process, the implementation of the assets requires the use of asset management program. This is always the first step and level of information that is necessary to implement the software management program (Tyugu et al, 2009 ). This will help measure some elements of software. Especially with the software usage seen to be metering, the following can be determined; whethe r the organization purchased many assets that the consumption rate. The use of process framework thus helps reduce such misuse of resources in the organization. This is also aimed at determining if more software has been purchased beyond the organization needs. This will additionally help minimize the cost of maintenance and also give room for the re-allocation of the unused software assets. This will ensure that that the organization avoids underutilization of the development resources. This makes it very easy for the organization to have better plans for future developments. This will also control the levels to which the unauthorized software is being used within the organization. To avoid these, the organization needs the process models that give clear development frameworks. The development framework will then establish the development parameters. These parameters are used to set the development objectives and the development